Consensus document on the primary prevention of cow's milk protein allergy in infants aged less than 7 days.

INTRODUCTION: Cow's milk protein allergy (CMPA) is the most frequent food allergy in the first year of life. There is no clear consensus regarding its prevention. A recommendation to avoid CMP in the first week of life as a preventive measure in all infants, regardless of their atopic risk, has recently been published. The purpose of this document is to issue a recommendation on the use of extensively hydrolyzed CMP formulas in the first week of life for the primary prevention of CMPA. METHODS: A group of experts was formed with members proposed by the Spanish Association of Pediatrics (AEP), the Spanish Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergology and Pediatric Asthma (SEICAAP), the Spanish Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (SEGHNP) and the Spanish Society of Neonatology (SENEO). The group conducted a critical review of the evidence on the subject published in the last 10 years. RESULTS: The search yielded 72 studies, of which 66 were rejected for not meeting the inclusion criteria. The final review included 6 documents: 3 clinical trials and 3 systematic reviews, 2 of them with meta-analysis. There was no evidence of a statistically significant reduction in the incidence of CMPA in the infants who received hypoallergenic formulae or exclusive breastfeeding. CONCLUSION: Based on the current evidence, it is not possible to draw clear conclusions about the effect of avoiding CMP in the first week of life for prevention of CMPA. Although there are data that suggest a certain beneficial effect of avoiding CMPA in atopic risk infants, these results are not conclusive enough to extend the recommendation to the general population.

Documento de consenso en la prevención primaria de alergia a proteínas de leche de vaca en lactantes menores de 7 días de vida / Consensus document on the primary prevention of cow's milk protein allergy in infants aged less than 7days

Introducción: La alergia a las proteínas de la leche de vaca (APLV) es la alergia alimentaria más frecuente en el primer año de vida. No existe un consenso claro respecto a su prevención. Recientemente se ha publicado la recomendación de evitar estas proteínas en la primera semana de vida como medida de prevención en todos los niños, con independencia de su riesgo atópico. El objetivo de este documento es emitir una recomendación sobre el uso de fórmulas extensamente hidrolizadas de PLV en la primera semana de vida para la prevención primaria de la APLV. Métodos: Se constituyó un grupo de expertos propuestos por la Asociación Española de Pediatría (AEP), la Sociedad Española de Inmunología Clínica y Alergología y Asma Pediátrica (SEICAAP), la Sociedad Española de Gastroenterología, Hepatología y Nutrición Pediátrica (SEGHNP) y la Sociedad Española de Neonatología (SENEO). Se realizó una revisión crítica de la evidencia publicada en los últimos 10 años sobre el tema. Resultados: Se seleccionaron 72 estudios, de los cuales 66 fueron rechazados por no cumplir los criterios de inclusión. Se incluyeron en la revisión 6 documentos: 3 ensayos clínicos y 3 revisiones sistemáticas, 2de ellas con metaanálisis. No se observó una reducción estadísticamente significativa en la incidencia de APLV en los grupos de lactantes que recibieron fórmulas hipoalergénicas ni lactancia materna exclusiva. Conclusión: Con base en las evidencias existentes en la actualidad, no se pueden establecer conclusiones claras acerca del efecto de evitar las PLV durante la primera semana de vida en la prevención de la APLV. A pesar de existir datos que pudieran orientar a un cierto efecto beneficioso de su evitación en niños con riesgo atópico, estos resultados no son concluyentes ni generalizables a lactantes sin dicho riesgo. (AU)

Introduction: Cow's milk protein allergy (CMPA) is the most frequent food allergy in the first year of life. There is no clear consensus regarding its prevention. A recommendation to avoid CMP in the first week of life as a preventive measure in all infants, regardless of their atopic risk, has recently been published. The purpose of this document is to issue a recommendation on the use of extensively hydrolyzed CMP formulas in the first week of life for the primary prevention of CMPA. Methods: A group of experts was formed with members proposed by the Spanish Association of Pediatrics (AEP), the Spanish Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergology and Pediatric Asthma (SEICAAP), the Spanish Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (SEGHNP) and the Spanish Society of Neonatology (SENEO). The group conducted a critical review of the evidence on the subject published in the last 10 years. Results: The search yielded 72 studies, of which 66 were rejected for not meeting the inclusion criteria. The final review included 6 documents: 3 clinical trials and 3 systematic reviews, 2 of them with meta-analysis. There was no evidence of a statistically significant reduction in the incidence of CMPA in the infants who received hypoallergenic formulae or exclusive breastfeeding. Conclusion: Based on the current evidence, it is not possible to draw clear conclusions about the effect of avoiding CMP in the first week of life for prevention of CMPA. Although there are data that suggest a certain beneficial effect of avoiding CMPA in atopic risk infants, these results are not conclusive enough to extend the recommendation to the general population. (AU)

Study on the nutritional status and feeding habits in school-children in Madrid City (Spain) during the economic crisis.

INTRODUCTION: the recent economic and financial crisis has affected most Western countries, especially families of low socioeconomic classes. We speculate that worsening of socioeconomic condition associated with the crisis would increase obesity, mainly in disadvantaged families. MATERIAL AND METHODS: cross-sectional study of the 290,111 children aged three to 12 years old attending public school during the term 2014-2015 in Madrid City, by means of a stratified weighted sample randomly chosen, taking into account age (grade), city district and schools. The questionnaire included weight and height (auto-reported), dietary report (weekly frequency of intake), as well as socioeconomic variables. RESULTS: 1,208 questionnaires were evaluated from 64 classes. Half of participants were boys; 42% were younger than five years old, 35% werebetween six and eight years old, and 23% older than eight. Undernutrition was present in 5.0%, and excess of weight (overweight + obesity) in 36.7%. Undernutrition was higher in children under the age of six (9.1%). No relationship was found between undernutrition and the characteristics of the families but was slightly higher in families where both parents were unemployed. Excess of weight was higher in children of non-Spaniard parents (44% vs 32%, p < 0.0001), as well as in those families with economic problems (41% vs 31%, p = 0.0005). Only for meat, grains and dairy, the weekly intake was close to the recommendations. CONCLUSIONS: children from lower income households were at a higher risk of being overweight compared with their peers. Participation in a school-based food aid program may reduce food insecurity for children and their families.

Study on the nutritional status and feeding habits in school-children in madrid city (Spain) during the economic crisis / Impacto de la crisis económica en el estado nutricional y en los hábitos alimentarios de escolares de Madrid (España)

Introduction: the recent economic and financial crisis has affected most Western countries, especially families of low socioeconomic classes. We speculate that worsening of socioeconomic condition associated with the crisis would increase obesity, mainly in disadvantaged families. Material and methods: cross-sectional study of the 290,111 children aged three to 12 years old attending public school during the term 2014-2015 in Madrid City, by means of a stratified weighted sample randomly chosen, taking into account age (grade), city district and schools. The questionnaire included weight and height (auto-reported), dietary report (weekly frequency of intake), as well as socioeconomic variables. Results: 1,208 questionnaires were evaluated from 64 classes. Half of participants were boys; 42% were younger than five years old, 35% were between six and eight years old, and 23% older than eight. Undernutrition was present in 5.0%, and excess of weight (overweight + obesity) in 36.7%. Undernutrition was higher in children under the age of six (9.1%). No relationship was found between undernutrition and the characteristics of the families but was slightly higher in families where both parents were unemployed. Excess of weight was higher in children of non-Spaniard parents (44% vs 32%, p < 0.0001), as well as in those families with economic problems (41% vs 31%, p = 0.0005). Only for meat, grains and dairy, the weekly intake was close to the recommendations. Conclusions: children from lower income households were at a higher risk of being overweight compared with their peers. Participation in a school-based food aid program may reduce food insecurity for children and their families

Introducción: la reciente crisis económica y financiera que ha afectado a los países occidentales ha sido especialmente más intensa en las familias con menos recursos económicos. Nos preguntamos si el empeoramiento de la situación económica se ha asociado a un aumento en la tasa de obesidad infantil. Material y métodos: estudio transversal de una muestra ponderada que representase a los 290.111 niños de tres a 12 años matriculados en las escuelas públicas de Madrid en el curso 2014-2015. Se utilizó un cuestionario que incluía peso y talla (autorreportados), ingesta dietética (frecuencia semanal de consumo) y variables socioeconómicas. Resultados: se evaluaron 1.208 cuestionarios de 64 clases, repartidos por igual entre niños y niñas. El 42% eran menores de cinco años, el 35% tenía entre seis y ocho años, y el 23% eran mayores de ocho años. Se presentó desnutrición en el 5,0% de la muestra, mientras que se halló exceso de peso (sobrepeso + obesidad) en el 36,7%. El bajo peso fue mayor en los niños < 6 años (9,1%), sin diferencias entre sexos. No se pudo encontrar ninguna correlación entre la desnutrición y las características de las familias, aunque fue ligeramente superior cuando ambos padres estaban en el paro. El exceso de peso fue mayor en hijos de padres no españoles (42% vs. 32%, p < 0,0001), así como en las familias con dificultades económicas (41% vs. 31%, p = 0,0005). La ingesta media semanal correcta solo se encontró en carne, cereales y lácteos. Conclusiones: los niños de familias con un nivel socioeconómico bajo tienen mayor riesgo de padecer un exceso de peso. La participación en comedores escolares podría disminuir la inseguridad alimentaria, especialmente en tiempos de dificultades económicas

Evaluation of less invasive methods to assess fatty acids from phospholipid fraction: cheek cell and capillary blood sampling.

Plasma is the most commonly employed matrix for analyzing fatty acids (FAs), but its extraction is not well accepted in the infant population. The objectives of this study were to evaluate cheek cells and capillary blood as alternatives to plasma sampling for FA analysis and to standardize the methodology. Samples were obtained from 20 children who underwent lipid extraction, phospholipid isolation by Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) in a 96-well plate, methylation, and analysis by fast gas chromatography (GC). A positive correlation was found for most of the FAs, especially long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs), in cheek cells and capillary blood versus plasma samples (r = 0.32-0.99). No differences were found in the levels of n-6: n-3 PUFA and n-6: n-3 LC-PUFA ratios between cheek cells and capillary blood. These two proposed samples can therefore be used as alternatives to plasma sampling for phospholipid FA analysis, especially LC-PUFAs.

[Breastfeeding and cognitive development; interference evaluation by "5 digits test"]. / Lactancia materna y desarrollo cognitivo; valoración de la respuesta a la interferencia mediante el "test de los 5 dígitos"

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Different publications have analyzed the possible correlation between breastfeeding length and a better cognitive development during school age. The present study evaluates the possible long term beneficial effects of breastfeeding during the first months of life on the cognitive development, as well as its possible role on the attention deficit and hyperactivity prevention. Currently this evaluation is of special interest considering the increasing number in western societies of childhood attention deficits, with or without, hyper - activity disorders. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 103 children, during the first year of elementary education, 6 years of age (47 boys and 56 girls), were recruited in different schools of the Granada province, including urban, semi-urban and rural areas. The speed of cognitive processing and the ability to focus attention and reorient after an incident of distraction, using the five digits test (5-DGT), - variant of the Stroop interference test- were analyzed. RESULTS: Data show a linear correlation between longer breastfeeding and better scores in the test. Particularly significant (P ≤ 0.001) are the reading and alternation tests for children who were breastfed for 6 months when compared with those that only received this nutrition during their first month of life. CONCLUSION: This study validates the initial hypothesis, showing faster resolution speed and less interference in the group of children breastfed, at least during the first 6 months of life. Further well designed studies are necessary for reinforced breastfeeding recommendation, at least during the first 6 months of life, for children underclinical suspicion of possible ADHD development.

Introducción y objetivo: Numerosos estudios han intentado demostrar que la duración de la lactancia materna se relaciona con un mejor desarrollo cognitivo en la edad escolar. En el presente estudio se evalúa el potencial efecto beneficioso a largo plazo de la alimentación con leche materna durante los primeros meses de vida, no sólo sobre el desarrollo cognitivo, sino también como posible prevención del déficit de atención e hiperactividad. Esta valoración resulta de especial interés en la sociedad actual en la que se han incrementado de forma muy notable los déficits de atención en la infancia, unidos o no a trastornos de hiperactividad. Material y Métodos: Un total de 103 niños, escolarizados en primer curso de Educación Primaria, 6 años de edad, (47 niños y 56 niñas), fueron reclutados en diferentes colegios de la provincia de Granada de áreas urbanas, semiurbanas y rurales. Se analizó la velocidad de procesamiento cognitivo y la capacidad de enfocar la atención y reorientarla tras un suceso de distracción, mediante el test de los cinco dígitos (5-DGT), variante del test de interferencia de Stroop. Resultados: Los datos demuestran una correlación lineal entre una mayor duración de la lactancia materna y mejores resultados en todas las pruebas del test. Resultan altamente significativas (P ≤0,001) las comparaciones para las pruebas de lectura y alternancia, entre aquellos niños que fueron alimentados con leche materna durante 6 meses frente a los que sólo recibieron esta alimentación durante su primer mes de vida. Conclusión: El estudio valida la hipótesis inicial, demostrando una mayor velocidad de resolución y una menor interferencia en el grupo de niños alimentados con pecho al menos durante los 6 primeros meses. Los datos obtenidos deberían refrendarse en un posterior estudio, con una mayor muestra, ya que resulta de suma importancia reforzar el consejo de lactancia materna durante al menos los 6 primeros meses de vida ante neonatos con sospecha clínica de posible desarrollo de TDAH.

Lactancia materna y desarrollo cognitivo; valoración de la respuesta a la interferencia mediante el "test de los 5 dígitos" / Breastfeeding and cognitive development; interference evaluation by "5 digits test"

Introducción y objetivo: Numerosos estudios han intentado demostrar que la duración de la lactancia materna se relaciona con un mejor desarrollo cognitivo en la edad escolar. En el presente estudio se evalúa el potencial efecto beneficioso a largo plazo de la alimentación con leche materna durante los primeros meses de vida, no sólo sobre el desarrollo cognitivo, sino también como posible prevención del déficit de atención e hiperactividad. Esta valoración resulta de especial interés en la sociedad actual en la que se han incrementado de forma muy notable los déficits de atención en la infancia, unidos o no a trastornos de hiperactividad. Material y Métodos: Un total de 103 niños, escolarizados en primer curso de Educación Primaria, 6 años de edad, (47 niños y 56 niñas), fueron reclutados en diferentes colegios de la provincia de Granada de áreas urbanas, semiurbanas y rurales. Se analizó la velocidad de procesamiento cognitivo y la capacidad de enfocar la atención y reorientarla tras un suceso de distracción, mediante el test de los cinco dígitos (5-DGT), variante del test de interferencia de Stroop. Resultados: Los datos demuestran una correlación lineal entre una mayor duración de la lactancia materna y mejores resultados en todas las pruebas del test. Resultan altamente significativas (P ≤ 0,001) las comparaciones para las pruebas de lectura y alternancia, entre aquellos niños que fueron alimentados con leche materna durante 6 meses frente a los que sólo recibieron esta alimentación durante su primer mes de vida. Conclusión: El estudio valida la hipótesis inicial, demostrando una mayor velocidad de resolución y una menor interferencia en el grupo de niños alimentados con pecho al menos durante los 6 primeros meses. Los datos obtenidos deberían refrendarse en un posterior estudio, con una mayor muestra, ya que resulta de suma importancia reforzar el consejo de lactancia materna durante al menos los 6 primeros meses de vida ante neonatos con sospecha clínica de posible desarrollo de TDAH (AU)

Background and objective: Different publications have analyzed the possible correlation between breastfeeding length and a better cognitive development during school age. The present study evaluates the possible long term beneficial effects of breastfeeding during the first months of life on the cognitive development, as well as its possible role on the attention deficit and hyperactivity prevention. Currently this evaluation is of special interest considering the increasing number in western societies of childhood attention deficits, with or without, hyper - activity disorders. Material and methods: 103 children, during the first year of elementary education, 6 years of age (47 boys and 56 girls), were recruited in different schools of the Granada province, including urban, semi-urban and rural areas. The speed of cognitive processing and the ability to focus attention and reorient after an incident of distraction, using the five digits test (5-DGT), - variant of the Stroop interference test- were analyzed. Results: Data show a linear correlation between longer breastfeeding and better scores in the test. Particularly significant (P ≤ 0.001) are the reading and alternation tests for children who were breastfed for 6 months when compared with those that only received this nutrition during their first month of life. Conclusion: This study validates the initial hypothesis, showing faster resolution speed and less interference in the group of children breastfed, at least during the first 6 months of life. Further well designed studies are necessary for reinforced breastfeeding recommendation, at least during the first 6 months of life, for children underclinical suspicion of possible ADHD development (AU)

Nutrición materna y sus implicaciones en la adiposidad infantil / Infant adiposity is influenced by the maternal nutrition

Se ha demostrado que la nutrición materna está relacionada con la composición corporal de los niños, y el riesgo potencial de desarrollar obesidad y enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles en la edad adulta. La mala nutrición antes de la concepción, el excesivo aumento de peso durante el embarazo, la inadecuada ingestión de nutrientes y el exceso de calorías durante la gestación, además de la rápida ganancia de peso en los primeros dos años de vida del niño, son algunos de los factores relacionados con la alteración de la composición corporal y la adiposidad en la edad pediátrica. En la presente revisión se enfocan los orígenes de la adiposidad infantil desde el embarazo e, incluso, desde antes de la concepción.

The evidence has shown that maternal nutrition is related with infant body composition and an increased risk of obesity and chronic diseases in adulthood. The nutritional status at pre-pregnancy, the excessive gestational weight gain, inadequate intake of nutrients and excess of energy during gestation, as well as the rapid weight gain during the first two years of life, are some of the factors related with the disturbance of the body composition and the adiposity in the pediatric age. This article traces the origins of infant adiposity back to pregnancy and preconception periods.

Documentation of functional and clinical effects of infant nutrition: setting the scene for COMMENT.

The Early Nutrition Academy and the Child Health Foundation, in collaboration with the Committee on Nutrition, European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, held a workshop in March 2011 to explore guidance on acquiring evidence on the effects of nutritional interventions in infants and young children. The four objectives were to (1) provide guidance on the quality and quantity of evidence needed to justify conclusions on functional and clinical effects of nutrition in infants and young children aged <3 years; (2) agree on a range of outcome measures relevant to nutrition trials in this age group for which agreed criteria are needed; (3) agree on an updated 'core data set' that should generally be recorded in nutrition trials in infants and young children, and (4) provide guidance on the use of surrogate markers in paediatric nutrition research. The participants discussed these objectives and agreed to set up six first working groups under the auspices of the Consensus Group on Outcome Measures Made in Paediatric Enteral Nutrition Clinical Trials (COMMENT). Five groups will aim to identify and define criteria for assessing key outcomes, i.e. growth, acute diarrhoea, atopic dermatitis and cows' milk protein allergy, infections and 'gut comfort'. The sixth group will review and update the 'core data set'. The COMMENT Steering Committee will discuss and decide upon a method for reaching consensus which will be used by all working groups and plan to meet again within 2 years and to report and publish their conclusions.